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Potential for production and use of liquid biofuels as a strategy for developing green and circular economies in Southern Africa

Type
File
Date of Publication
Feb 20, 2026
Description/Abstract

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) responded to global calls to address environmental challenges such as high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the use of liquid biofuels. This study assessed the potential of liquid biofuel production in the SADC region with data collected in Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The results showed that the liquid biofuel industry is struggling. Countries do not have enough resources to support the industry effectively and there is overreliance on international sponsors. In terms of policy and regulatory frameworks most countries are doing well. However, these policies are not implemented effectively. Most countries use sugar-cane to produce bioethanol. Over the years countries, such as Malawi, have attempted to incorporate crops such as cassava (Manihot esculenta) and castor bean (Ricinus communis). Although the industry is not performing well it has contributed massively to livelihood development in all the region

Author or Institution as Author
Prof Cliff Dlamini
Co-authors

RP Tshidzumba, T Gotore, G Kabia, RSM Munjoyo & D Kachamba

Language
Category
Resource Type
Citation

CS Dlamini, RP Tshidzumba, T Gotore, G Kabia, RSM Munjoyo & D Kachamba (17 Feb 2026): Potential for production and use of liquid biofuels as a strategy for developing green and circular economies in Southern Africa, Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2025.2567051

Contact Information

* Corresponding author: CDlamini@ccardesa.org.

Skills Gap and Implications of Scrapping of Certificates and Diplomas in Universities on Agricultural Production in the SADC Region: A General Overview

Type
File
Date of Publication
Feb 20, 2026
Description/Abstract

Agricultural productivity in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) is currently undermined by a structural "inverted skills pyramid" resulting from "academicization"—the systematic phasing out of certificate and diploma programs in favour of university degrees. This review employs a Systematic Narrative Synthesis (SNS) of literature and institutional reports from 2021–2025 to evaluate the consequences of this shift across all 16 SADC member states. The findings reveal that while the region produces an oversupply of theoretically grounded degree holders, it faces a critical shortage of field-ready technicians capable of managing irrigation, mechanization, and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies. In the absence of formal technical pathways, the "technical cadre" has been replaced by fragmented industry-led academies, donor-funded stop-gap programs, and an aging experiential workforce. Comparative analysis with dual-track models in Germany and Brazil suggests that SADC’s current trajectory limits 4IR adoption and food security. The paper recommends an immediate restoration of autonomous technical colleges and the institutionalization of industry- Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) co-governance to bridge the widening skills gap.

Author or Institution as Author
Prof. Cliff Dlamini
Co-authors

Mr. Stanley Dlamini

Language
Topic
Category
Resource Type
Citation

 Dlamini C and Dlamini S (2026) Skills Gap and Implications of Scrapping of Certificates and Diplomas in Universities on Agricultural Production in the SADC Region: A General Overview. Environmental Science Archives 5(1): 166-17

Contact Information

Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CARDESA), Plot 4701 Mmaraka Road, Private Bag 00357, Gaborone, Botswana 2Agriculture and Environmental Consultant, Herefords Matfuntini, PO Box 7514-Manzini-M200, Eswatini *Correspondence for materials should be addressed to CD (email: cliffsdlamini@ymail.com)

The Impact of Scrapping of Certificates and Diplomas in Universities on the Performance of Forestry Sector: Regional and International Perspective

Type
File
Date of Publication
Feb 20, 2026
Description/Abstract

The forestry sector in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) is seeing fewer fieldready technical workers, even as university forestry programs grow. This paper looks at how putting more focus on academic forestry training has changed the workforce, operations, and skill development in the area. By systematically reviewing 15 documents from 2021 to 2025, like skills audits, qualification standards, industry reports, and global comparisons, this study puts together information about the topic. The results show a reversed skills situation, where there are too many university graduates but not enough technicians with practical, on-the-job skills. This issue has raised training expenses for employers, reduced how much they can produce, and slowed down the use of new forestry technologies. Looking at Europe and Latin America, we see that systems that keep separate technical training tracks in two-track education models do a better job at running things efficiently and letting workers move around easily. The paper ends by saying that bringing back diploma-level technical training inside a standard SADC Qualifications Framework, along with ways to recognize past learning and joint public-private management, is key to bringing back lasting, competitive forestry production in Southern Africa.

Author or Institution as Author
Prof. Cliff Dlamini
Co-authors

Mr.  Stanley Dlamini

Language
Topic
Category
Resource Type
Citation

Dlamini C and Dlamini S (2026) The Impact of Scrapping of Certificates and Diplomas in Universities on the Performance of Forestry Sector: Regional and International Perspective. EnvironmentalScience Archives 5(1): 115-126

Contact Information

1Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CARDESA), Plot 4701 Mmaraka Road, Private Bag 00357, Gaborone, Botswana 2Agriculture and Environmental Consultant, Herefords Matfuntini Near New School, P.O. Box 7514-Manzini-M200, Eswatini *Correspondence for materials should be addressed to CD (email: cliffsdlamini@ymail.com)

Development and Validation of an SNP Marker for Identifying Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Thai Isolates That Break xa5-Mediated Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice

Type
File
Date of Publication
Apr 25, 2025
Description/Abstract

This is a document about the Development and Validation of an SNP Marker for Identifying Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Thai Isolates That Break xa5-Mediated Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice

Author or Institution as Author
Tebogo Balone1
Co-authors

 Ananda Nuryadi Pratama2 , Werapat Chansongkram2 , Thanita Boonsrangsom1,2, Kawee Sujipuli1,2, and Kumrop Ratanasut1,2

Language
Topic
Category
Resource Type
Citation

Tebogo Balone et el, 2024. Development and Validation of an SNP Marker for Identifying Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Thai Isolates That Break xa5-Mediated Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice, 12pg, Korea

Rural underemployment and urbanization: Insights from a nine-year household panel survey from Malawi

Date of Publication
Oct 01, 2023
Description/Abstract

Rural labor markets in Africa are frequently characterized by underemployment, with farmers unable to fully deploy throughout the year one of their most important assets—their labor. Using a nine-year panel data set on 1,407 working-age adults from rural Malawi, we document changes in rural underemployment over this period and how they are associated with urbanization. Nearby urban growth results in increased hours worked in casual labor (ganyu) and in non-agricultural sectors, at the expense of work on the household farm. Improved ur-ban access is also associated with a small increase in wage labor and, at the intensive margin, with hours supplied in household enterprises. We draw lessons from these results for policies, investments, and interventions to leverage urban growth for rural development.

Author or Institution as Author
IFPRI
Co-authors

Hanne Van Cappellen and  Joachim De Weerdt

Institution
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Language
Category
Resource Type

Bamboo Production in Malawi - A Case of Mr. Goodman

Date of Publication
Dec 01, 2022
Description/Abstract

The pangs of climate change are real coupled with the rampant deforestation that is happening due to increased land pressure. This is an inspirational video where Mr. Andrew Goodmans is advocating for farmers to grow Giant Bamboo. Bamboos can cater for household and community needs in less than five years. The household only needs 10 bamboo seedling at afordable price.

Author or Institution as Author
Department of Agricultural Research Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi
Co-authors

Ben Chisama

Institution
Department of Agricultural Research Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi
Language
Category
Resource Type
Citation

    Chisama, B., 2022.  Bamboo Production in Malawi: A Case of Mr. Goodman. Department of Agricultural Research Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi

Malawi is now exporting its Mangoes to South Africa _ Part 2

Date of Publication
Dec 01, 2022
Description/Abstract

This video demonstrates a new cost effective and innovative approach of in-Country Research Teams to conduct a phytosanitary and other assessments of their produce, capture them on a video and send it to the potential market.  In turn, the potential buyers watches the video and make a recommendation and approves whether to open their market to the seller/producer or not. Consequently, the market players saved a lot of time and financial resources for a team of deligates was supposed to travel from the South Africa to Malawi. This Video resulted in the opening up of the South African Market to Malawian mangoes, Right now (since 2023), Malawi is exporting Mangoes to South Africa.

NPPO-Malawi compiled two videos of pre-harvest and post-harvest handling processes that were inspected at Malawi Mangoes Limited in Salama. The video shows how the client complied with the requirements for the export markets including South Africa. NPPO-Malawi conducted the field inspections in three stages as outlined on the Import Permit: 1) Flowering; 2) Fruiting and 3) Harvest and post-harvest stages. This is Part 1 of the videos.

Author or Institution as Author
Department of Agricultural Research Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi
Institution
Department of Agricultural Research Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi
Language
Category
Resource Type
Citation

Ministry of Agriculture (2022). Mango Export Requirements and Assessments conducted by the NPPO Malawi. NPPO Malawi, The Director of Agricultural Research Services P.O. Box 30779 Lilongwe Malawi.  

Malawi is now exporting its Mangoes to South Africa _ Part 1

Date of Publication
Dec 01, 2022
Description/Abstract

This video demonstrates a new cost effective and innovative approach of in-Country Research Teams to conduct a phytosanitary and other assessments of their produce, capture them on a video and send it to the potential market.  In turn, the potential buyers watches the video and make a recommendation and approves whether to open their market to the seller/producer or not. Consequently, the market players saved a lot of time and financial resources for a team of deligates was supposed to travel from the South Africa to Malawi. This Video resulted in the opening up of the South African Market to Malawian mangoes, Right now (since 2023), Malawi is exporting Mangoes to South Africa.

NPPO-Malawi compiled two videos of pre-harvest and post-harvest handling processes that were inspected at Malawi Mangoes Limited in Salama. The video shows how the client complied with the requirements for the export markets including South Africa. NPPO-Malawi conducted the field inspections in three stages as outlined on the Import Permit: 1) Flowering; 2) Fruiting and 3) Harvest and post-harvest stages. This is Part 1 of the videos.

Author or Institution as Author
Department of Agricultural Research Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi
Co-authors

Department of Agricultural Research Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi

Institution
Department of Agricultural Research Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi
Language
Category
Resource Type
Citation

Ministry of Agriculture (2022). Mango Export Requirements and Assessments conducted by the NPPO Malawi. NPPO Malawi, The Director of Agricultural Research Services P.O. Box 30779 Lilongwe Malawi.  

An assessment of the potential for scaling Malawi’s wheat production for domestic consumption and export

Date of Publication
Nov 01, 2022
Description/Abstract

Despite having potential, Malawi’s wheat production has been characterized by low production and productivity. The prospects for scaling up wheat production in Malawi are based on the suitability of different areas for wheat production, increase in global prices and existence of large and growing domestic and regional export markets. Scaling production of wheat in Malawi will fail unless challenges are addressed. These include overreliance on rainfed production, limited access to improved varieties for wheat, fertilizers, capacity building in best agronomic practices, and lack of access to existing lucrative markets. There is need to conduct a value chain analysis with key stakeholders to assist in developing the value chain

Author or Institution as Author
MwAPATA Institute
Co-authors

Anderson Gondwe and Joyce Minofu

Institution
MwAPATA Institute
Language
Resource Type
Citation

Gondwe, A., and Minofu, J. (2022). An assessment of the potential for scaling Malawi’s wheat production for domestic consumption and export. Published by MwAPATA Institute, Lundu Street, Off Chayamba Road, Area 10/386, P.O. Box 30883, Capital City, Lilongwe 3, Malawi.

The Economic Cost-benefit Analysis of Black Soldier Fly as an Alternative Animal and Fish Feed Ingredient in Malawi

Date of Publication
Sep 01, 2023
Description/Abstract

Insect farming is a high-potential emerging farming enterprise in sub-Saharan Africa and their production has a relatively small ecological footprint. Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is a promising insect species for a sustainable and innovative alternative protein source in animal feed. Little or no evidence exists showing whether BSF is a viable alternative sustainable feed ingredient in aquaculture and animal feed in Malawi or an economically feasible option for farmers. The objective of the study is to evaluate the financial feasibility of BSF farming at various scales of production using Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) with data collected from a small-scale pilot BSF farm in Lilongwe. The study addressed the following research questions: (a) What are the costs and benefits of farming BSF in Malawi for (i) small-scale farming (individual farmers, clubs, and cooperatives), and (ii) large-scale commercial farmers? (b) What drives variation in the benefit/cost ratio (BCR) of BSF farming across scales? (c) How could policies improve BCRs of BSF farming to support adoption in Malawi? The indicators used to assess the economic viability of BSF farming for smallholder and commercial farmers in this study included Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio. Results imply BSF farming is viable and feasible across scales of production. Small-scale farmers will generate roughly MK507,100 (US$ of gross revenue for one larval cycle and MK2,535,500 (over $2,500) annually. Commercial farmers can generate MK1,536,100 for one larval cycle and MK7,680,750 annually. Sensitivity analysis shows BSF farming remains profitable even within a 10% variation in the cost of production, the price of outputs, and the yield of BSF larvae and frass.

Author or Institution as Author
MwAPATA Institute
Co-authors

Maggie G. Munthali, Lemekezani Chilora, Mike Goliath, William J. Burke, M. Eric Benbow, Jeremiah Kangʼombe & Andrew Safalaoh

Institution
MwAPATA Institute
Language
Category
Resource Type
Citation

Munthali, G., Chilora, L., Goliath, M., Burke,W.J., Benbow, M.E., Kangʼombe, J., & Safalaoh, A. (2003). The Economic Cost-benefit Analysis of Black Soldier Fly as an Alternative Animal and Fish Feed Ingredient in Malawi. Working Paper No. 23/01. MwAPATA Institute. Published by MwAPATA Institute, Lundu Street, Off Chayamba Road, Area 10/386, P.O. Box 30883, Capital City, Lilongwe 3, Malawi.

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